Ghana Business News

Follow the latest Ghana business and economy news: the cedi, inflation, companies, banking, and trade. Coverage is curated from Ghana's leading newsrooms and kept current through the day, newest first.

Ghana Secures Crucial One-Year AGOA Extension to Shield Thousands of Jobs Amidst U.S. Tariff Pressures
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Ghana Secures Crucial One-Year AGOA Extension to Shield Thousands of Jobs Amidst U.S. Tariff Pressures

Ghana’s Ministry of Trade, Agribusiness and Industry announced on February 3, 2026, that the United States has granted a one-year extension to the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). Trade Minister Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare hailed the decision as a significant diplomatic victory, resulting from sustained engagement by the Mahama administration and regional stakeholders. This extension provides a critical reprieve for Ghanaian exporters who have faced increasing uncertainty in the U.S. market over the past year. By maintaining duty-free access, the government aims to stabilize the export sector and protect the livelihoods of thousands of workers across the country. The extension comes at a pivotal moment following a series of trade disruptions initiated by Washington in 2025. Ghanaian exporters were hit by a 10% universal tariff in April 2025, which was further compounded by a 15% tariff on Ghanaian exports in August 2025. These measures significantly threatened the competitiveness of Ghanaian products that had previously enjoyed preferential treatment. AGOA, a framework established in 2000 to foster trade between the U.S. and Africa, currently offers duty-free access for over 32 eligible African nations. The Ministry emphasized that this one-year window is vital to mitigate the impact of these tariffs and prevent widespread disruption in the nation’s export value chains. Sector Minister Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare highlighted that the reprieve is essential for safeguarding jobs in labor-intensive industries such as garments, light manufacturing, and agro-processing, particularly cocoa derivatives. These sectors are heavily reliant on the U.S. market and would have been severely disadvantaged by the rising tariff wall. The Trade Ministry credited the successful outcome to collaborative efforts involving various governmental bodies and exporters. This "breathing room" allows businesses to reinforce their market positions and adjust their strategies in response to the evolving global trade landscape, ensuring that Ghana remains a reliable and competitive trading partner. Looking ahead, the Ministry of Trade is encouraging Ghanaian exporters to aggressively utilize this one-year window to maximize their export volumes and strengthen their market presence. While the extension is a temporary reprieve, it provides a vital opportunity to leverage existing support programs designed to enhance export performance under challenging conditions. The government remains committed to ongoing diplomatic dialogue to secure longer-term stability for Ghana's international trade relations, emphasizing that this success demonstrates the importance of strategic engagement in protecting the national economy from global volatility.

Ghana Achieves Historic 3.8% Inflation in January 2026 Amidst Persistent High Borrowing Costs
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Ghana Achieves Historic 3.8% Inflation in January 2026 Amidst Persistent High Borrowing Costs

Ghana’s inflation rate fell to 3.8% in January 2026, marking a historic 26-year low and the 13th consecutive month of decline. This milestone, the lowest since August 1999, represents a dramatic turnaround from the peak of 54.1% recorded in late 2022. The disinflationary trend is attributed to a robust 40.7% appreciation of the Ghanaian Cedi against the US Dollar, bolstered by high global gold prices and a record-breaking build-up of Gross International Reserves, which reached $13.8 billion—providing 5.7 months of import cover. Beyond currency stability, fiscal discipline has played a pivotal role in this recovery. The government achieved a primary balance surplus of 2.8% of GDP, exceeding IMF targets and signaling enhanced macroeconomic credibility. According to PwC’s 2026 West Africa Economic Outlook, Ghana’s recovery is anchored on these fiscal consolidations and structural reforms, including policies like the "24-Hour Economy" which helped mitigate food inflation. Unlike neighboring Nigeria, where growth is currently driven by market reforms, Ghana's path emphasizes stability and disciplined execution of debt restructuring agreements to create a foundation for sustainable growth. Despite these macroeconomic gains, the private sector continues to grapple with high costs of credit. Professor Godfred Bokpin has raised concerns over "rate rigidity," noting that while the Bank of Ghana reduced the policy rate to 15.5%, the spread between interest rates and the 3.8% inflation figure remains unusually wide. This gap poses a risk to private sector growth and could lead to public skepticism regarding official inflation data. Bokpin emphasizes that for the recovery to be inclusive and for businesses to thrive, financial institutions must allow disinflation benefits to flow through to borrowers more effectively. While the current figures are celebratory, economists warn against complacency, drawing parallels to the economic scenario of 1999 when similar gains were eventually reversed by external shocks. Potential risks include volatile global oil prices, impending utility tariff adjustments, and significant regional disparities in inflation across the country. To maintain this low-inflation environment and ensure long-term stability, analysts and business leaders stress the necessity for Ghana to diversify its economy away from raw material exports and maintain the fiscal rigor established under the current recovery program.

Ghana Launches Local Gold Refining and Modern Fire Assay Lab to Boost Value Addition and Transparency
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Ghana Launches Local Gold Refining and Modern Fire Assay Lab to Boost Value Addition and Transparency

Ghana has officially launched local gold refining operations through the Gold Coast Refinery, marking a major strategic pivot from exporting raw minerals to high-value processing. In a partnership with South Africa’s Rand Refinery, the facility is currently aiming to refine at least one metric tonne of gold weekly, with the potential to scale up to two tonnes. Finance Minister Dr. Cassiel Ato Forson, who toured the facility alongside GoldBod executives, hailed the move as a "world-class" milestone in the nation's economic transformation. This initiative, which aligns with long-standing national goals to retain more mineral wealth domestically, is expected to create skilled jobs and significantly bolster foreign exchange earnings. To further strengthen the gold value chain, the government announced the establishment of Ghana’s first modern fire assay laboratory. This facility will provide the domestic scientific capacity to accurately assess gold purity and value for the first time since independence. By reducing the historical reliance on foreign testing centers, the laboratory is expected to improve royalty assessments and increase national revenue through enhanced transparency. Dr. Forson emphasized that this infrastructure is vital for building institutional credibility and increasing investor confidence, ensuring that the benefits of natural resources primarily advantage Ghanaian citizens. However, the move toward large-scale local refining faces significant hurdles regarding the provenance of the gold. The prevalence of illegal mining, or "galamsey," and its associated environmental damage pose a risk of shutting out premium international buyers who demand strict ethical sourcing. To address these concerns, the regulatory body GoldBod is implementing a pilot traceability program involving 600 mines. This program seeks to link refined gold to sustainable and legally operating mines, a move seen as essential for Ghana to move away from selling gold at compliance discounts to markets with more lenient standards. Looking ahead, the government is also exploring legislative changes to optimize the fiscal benefits of gold production, including a proposed sliding scale for gold royalty rates ranging from 5% to 12%. This policy adjustment aims to ensure the state benefits from global gold price fluctuations while maintaining industry growth. As Africa’s leading gold producer, Ghana's transition into a regional refining hub will depend on the successful integration of these technological and regulatory frameworks to secure its place in the competitive global bullion market.

Walmart Makes History as First Traditional Retailer to Hit $1 Trillion Market Valuation
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Walmart Makes History as First Traditional Retailer to Hit $1 Trillion Market Valuation

Walmart has achieved a historic milestone, becoming the first traditional retailer to surpass a $1 trillion market valuation. This landmark achievement reflects the company's successful pivot toward e-commerce and its resilience in an inflationary environment. While the $1 trillion club has historically been dominated by high-growth technology giants, Walmart’s entry signals a significant evolution for the brick-and-mortar retail sector, fueled by robust sales across key sectors and strategic technological investments. The surge in Walmart’s market value, which recently saw shares rise by more than 3%, is largely attributed to its appeal across a broad demographic spectrum. As inflation persists, even higher-income earners are increasingly turning to the retailer for lower-priced essentials. Furthermore, Walmart’s e-commerce division has seen an impressive 28% growth, narrowing the gap with rivals like Amazon, which currently holds a valuation of $2.6 trillion. Despite the logistical and financial hurdles posed by global tariffs, the company’s massive scale and supply chain efficiency have allowed it to navigate market pressures more effectively than its competitors. This financial milestone coincides with the first week of John Furner's tenure as CEO, who has been a vocal proponent of integrating cutting-edge technology into traditional retail operations. A key component of this strategy is a new partnership with OpenAI, aimed at leveraging artificial intelligence to enhance customer service and operational efficiency. These AI initiatives have not only streamlined internal processes but have also captured the confidence of Wall Street investors looking for sustainable growth in the digital age. Joining the elite ranks of companies valued at over $1 trillion places Walmart alongside tech behemoths, highlighting a broader trend where traditional industry leaders must innovate through digital transformation to remain competitive. As Walmart continues to expand its digital footprint and refine its AI capabilities, its achievement serves as a blueprint for how legacy retailers can adapt and thrive in a tech-driven global economy.

Disney Appoints Theme Park Veteran Josh D’Amaro as CEO to Succeed Bob Iger
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Disney Appoints Theme Park Veteran Josh D’Amaro as CEO to Succeed Bob Iger

The Walt Disney Company has officially named Josh D’Amaro as its new Chief Executive Officer, marking a pivotal leadership transition for the global entertainment powerhouse. D’Amaro, a 28-year veteran of the company who most recently spearheaded Disney’s lucrative amusement parks division, succeeded Bob Iger on March 18. This appointment comes at a critical juncture as the company seeks to navigate a rapidly evolving media landscape and reinforce its market position amidst shifting consumer behaviors and economic pressures. Prior to his elevation to CEO, D’Amaro built a formidable reputation by overseeing a division that generated approximately $36 billion in annual revenue and managed 12 theme parks globally. His tenure in the parks division was defined by an ability to maintain operational excellence while handling the complexities of international tourism and rising visitor costs. As part of his new leadership role, D’Amaro will receive a base salary of $2.5 million, supplemented by a significant performance-based bonus of $9.7 million. His deep-rooted history within the company is viewed as a stabilizing factor for a brand that has faced intense scrutiny regarding its political stances and social influence in recent years. The restructuring of Disney's top brass extends beyond the CEO's office, with the appointment of Dana Walden as Chief Creative Officer. Together, D’Amaro and Walden are tasked with steering the company through significant challenges in the streaming and media sectors. A primary focus for the new leadership team will be the preservation and expansion of Disney’s core content capabilities, which remain the backbone of its diverse business model. As the company adapts to the digital-first era, the management must balance the high costs of content production with the need to deliver value to shareholders and a global audience that is increasingly sensitive to pricing and brand alignment.

PepsiCo to Lower US Snack Prices Following Consumer Pushback and Rise of Weight-Loss Drugs
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PepsiCo to Lower US Snack Prices Following Consumer Pushback and Rise of Weight-Loss Drugs

PepsiCo has announced a strategic reduction in prices for several of its most popular snack brands in the United States, including Doritos, Cheetos, and Lays. The move comes as a direct response to growing consumer backlash against previous price increases and the controversial practice of "shrinkflation," where product sizes are reduced while prices remain the same or increase. The price cuts are scheduled to take effect immediately, strategically timed to coincide with the lead-up to the Super Bowl on February 8, which traditionally represents a peak sales period for the snack food industry. The decision reflects a shifting landscape for global food manufacturers who are grappling with changing consumer behaviors and economic pressures. Beyond general frustration over the rising cost of living, PepsiCo is also monitoring the impact of GLP-1 appetite-suppressing drugs, which have begun to influence snack consumption patterns. By lowering suggested retail prices, the company aims to alleviate financial strain on its customer base and remain competitive in an environment where affordability has become a primary concern for households across the country. CEO Ramon Laguarta has signaled that the company is pivoting its broader strategy toward portion control and health-conscious offerings. As part of this transition, PepsiCo is introducing products like "Doritos Protein" to cater to a more nutrition-focused demographic. However, the path to lower prices is complicated by persistent operational hurdles. Despite easing inflation, the company continues to face elevated costs driven by international tariffs, rising labor expenses, and the impact of extreme weather on raw material supply chains. Market reaction to the announcement has been largely positive, with PepsiCo shares rising nearly 4% in early trading. While the company reported a robust revenue of $29.34 billion for the final quarter of 2022, these recent price adjustments suggest a recognition that aggressive pricing strategies may have reached their limit. As the company navigates this new phase, the focus will likely remain on balancing profitability with the need to maintain brand loyalty among increasingly price-sensitive and health-aware consumers.

Ghana’s Mineral Wealth: Analyzing GHS 20 Billion in Royalties and the Urgent Call for Transparency
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Ghana’s Mineral Wealth: Analyzing GHS 20 Billion in Royalties and the Urgent Call for Transparency

Ghana has long been a titan in the global gold mining industry, with a heritage of extraction stretching back to the colonial era. However, despite this vast natural abundance, the nation continues to struggle with translating its mineral wealth into the significant economic transformation seen in other resource-rich jurisdictions like Canada and Australia. Recent financial analysis reveals that since 2011, Ghana has amassed over GHS 20 billion in mineral royalties alone. While this figure highlights the scale of the industry, it also underscores a growing concern regarding the tangible development outcomes derived from these non-renewable resources. Currently, Ghana operates one of the most comprehensive mining fiscal regimes in the world, with the state’s effective tax take exceeding 50% of mining profits. This revenue is generated through a rigorous combination of royalties, corporate income taxes, and various supplementary levies. Despite this high level of collection, the actual utilization of these funds remains opaque. Because mineral royalties are consolidated into the government’s general budget via the Consolidated Fund, tracking specific expenditures and measuring their direct impact on national infrastructure or social services has become a significant challenge for analysts and the public alike. The lack of transparency in managing these revenues has led to increasing demands for systemic reform to ensure better accountability. Stakeholders and economic analysts are calling for the implementation of improved accounting standards and the "ringfencing" of mineral revenues. By establishing dedicated accounts and enhancing tracking mechanisms, the government could provide a clearer picture of how mining wealth is reinvested. Such measures are considered essential for building public confidence and ensuring that the finite riches of Ghana’s soil are managed sustainably to benefit both current and future generations.

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Ghana’s Fuel Price Floor Under Threat as Several OMCs Flout NPA Directives

Several Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) in Ghana are reportedly violating the National Petroleum Authority’s (NPA) directive by pricing petroleum products below the mandated Fuel Price Floor. Checks conducted by JOYBUSINESS as of February 2, 2026, revealed that certain operators, including Amser and Radiance, were selling fuel at prices lower than the minimum thresholds set for the current pricing window. This disregard for the regulation comes despite the NPA recently updating minimum price levels for the period of February 1 to February 15, 2026, emphasizing that all market participants must comply immediately or face regulatory repercussions. The Fuel Price Floor policy was designed to prevent predatory pricing and ensure market stability, but its effectiveness is now being called into question. Industry investigations highlighted that while some OMCs adhere to the floor to maintain market integrity, others are utilizing lower price points to gain an unfair competitive advantage. The NPA has since instructed non-compliant OMCs to adjust their pump prices upward to match the regulated minimums. However, the persistence of these violations has sparked a heated debate among energy sector stakeholders regarding the authority’s ability to monitor and penalize offenders effectively. In response to these developments, the Chamber of Oil Marketing Companies has called for significantly stricter enforcement of the regulations. During a recent board meeting with the NPA, the Chamber expressed concerns that the actions of a few non-compliant firms are undermining the legitimate business operations of companies that follow the rules. They argued that without a level playing field, the integrity of the entire petroleum downstream sector is at risk. Some industry players have gone further, suggesting that the NPA should consider removing the price floor policy entirely if it cannot ensure uniform compliance across the industry. The ongoing situation presents a critical challenge for the NPA as it seeks to balance market liberalization with regulatory oversight. If the trend of non-compliance continues, the authority may be forced to reevaluate the viability of the Fuel Price Floor Programme. For now, the focus remains on whether the NPA will move beyond verbal directives and implement more rigorous sanctions against OMCs that continue to undercut the market. The outcome of this standoff will likely determine the future of fuel pricing mechanisms and competitive dynamics in Ghana’s petroleum industry.

China Mandates Mechanical Door Handles for EVs by 2027 Following Safety Concerns
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China Mandates Mechanical Door Handles for EVs by 2027 Following Safety Concerns

China has emerged as the first nation to officially ban hidden door handles on electric vehicles (EVs), citing critical safety concerns that have emerged during fatal accidents. The new regulation mandates that all vehicles must be equipped with mechanical door releases accessible from both the interior and exterior of the car. Set to take effect on January 1, 2027, this policy marks a significant shift for the global automotive industry, particularly within the New Energy Vehicle (NEV) sector where sleek, flush-fitting electronic handles have become a dominant design trend. The decision by Chinese regulators follows a series of harrowing reports where power failures in EVs prevented doors from opening during emergencies, trapping occupants inside during fires or immediately after collisions. To mitigate these risks, the upcoming standards will include specific measurements and design requirements to ensure that handles remain physically operable even when the vehicle's electrical system is completely compromised. While hidden handles were originally popularized for their aerodynamic efficiency and minimalist aesthetic—notably championed by brands like Tesla—the priority is now being firmly placed on physical fail-safes over modern design flourishes. This regulatory shift is expected to have a profound impact on the global automotive market given China's status as the largest consumer and producer of electric vehicles. International manufacturers will likely need to overhaul their design pipelines for the Chinese market, which may eventually lead to a broader industry-wide return to traditional handle mechanisms. As investigations into the safety of electronic door systems continue in the United States and Europe, China's proactive stance could serve as a blueprint for international safety standards, signaling a move toward prioritizing occupant extraction and reliable mechanical access in an increasingly digitized transport landscape.

Ghana’s Economic Landscape: Navigating Revenue Declines, Infrastructure Modernization, and Strategic Growth Initiatives
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Ghana’s Economic Landscape: Navigating Revenue Declines, Infrastructure Modernization, and Strategic Growth Initiatives

Ghana’s economic landscape is currently navigating a period of significant volatility and strategic transition, marked by a decline in petroleum revenues and an impending rise in fuel prices. According to reports from the Bank of Ghana, total petroleum receipts fell to US$399.65 million in the second half of 2025, a notable drop from previous years. This revenue dip is compounded by projections from the Chamber of Oil Marketing Companies (COMAC), which indicate that fuel prices are set to rise starting February 1, 2026. The anticipated increase—driven by a 4% depreciation of the cedi and rising international crude prices—could see petrol reach approximately GH¢11.48 per litre, while diesel prices may climb by as much as 5.10%. These market conditions are forcing companies to reconsider pricing strategies as they balance profitability with sales volume. Amidst these fiscal challenges, the Tema Development Company (TDC) is spearheading a modernization drive to address the nation’s housing deficit and improve operational efficiency. At TDC’s 5th Annual General Meeting, Managing Director Courage Nunekpeku unveiled a technology-driven transformation agenda. This initiative aims to streamline affordable housing delivery through the introduction of premium courier services, a 24-hour call center, and a new business center. With necessary approvals already secured for upcoming projects currently in the award stage, TDC is positioning itself to leverage innovation to revitalize a sector it has served for over 70 years, ensuring more Ghanaians have access to sustainable housing. International partners are also playing a critical role in bolstering Ghana’s economic resilience through targeted financial support and vocational training. Finance Minister Dr. Cassiel Ato Forson recently announced a US$22.6 million World Bank facility under the West Africa Food System Resilience Project (FSRP). This funding is designated to overhaul the agricultural sector by improving farmers' access to digital climate data and increasing the production of essential staples such as maize, rice, and poultry. Complementing these agricultural efforts, the German Development Cooperation, in partnership with KNUST and SMIDO, has successfully trained over 160 mechanics in sustainable oil-waste management and motorbike repairs, fostering green jobs and enhancing technical expertise within the transport industry. Looking toward long-term human capital development, the private sector is increasingly focusing on the digital skills gap. Telecel Group and King’s Trust International have launched a multi-year partnership, set to run until 2027, to bridge the digital divide for Ghanaian youth. The initiative targets Junior High School students with practical ICT training and hardware provisions to mitigate the impact of inadequate computer labs. Collectively, these developments—ranging from digital education and agricultural grants to housing reforms—reflect a multi-faceted approach to stabilizing the economy. While immediate pressures from global market fluctuations and currency depreciation persist, these strategic investments in technology and infrastructure aim to equip the Ghanaian workforce for a more equitable and resilient future.

Two lines show the prices in $USD per ounce of gold and silver since February 2025, beginning at $2,815 for gold and $32 for silver. The both rise over the next year, peaking at $5,417 for gold on 28 Jan 2026 and $117 for silver. Both have since fallen from those highs to $4,690 for gold and $78 for silver as of 16:30 GMT on 2 February 2026. The source is Bloomberg.
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Global Markets in Flux: US-India Trade Landmark Amidst Precious Metals Volatility and Fed Policy Shifts

The global economic landscape is undergoing a major realignment following a landmark trade agreement between the United States and India and a dramatic correction in the precious metals market. US President Donald Trump and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi have finalized a deal that reduces tariffs and shifts energy dependencies, while the nomination of Kevin Warsh to lead the US Federal Reserve has sent shockwaves through the commodities sector. This nomination triggered the sharpest gold price drop in decades, illustrating the market's high sensitivity to impending shifts in US monetary policy. Under the new bilateral agreement, the US has agreed to lower tariffs on Indian goods from 25% to 18%. In a strategic pivot, Prime Minister Modi committed to ending India's purchases of Russian oil and eliminating all internal trade barriers to US products. Furthermore, India has pledged to purchase over $500 billion worth of American goods, a move intended to strengthen ties between the world's two largest democracies. However, the deal has not been met with universal praise; US small business groups have criticized the arrangement, arguing that the new 18% floor still represents a higher tariff burden compared to historical levels. In the financial markets, the 'Warsh effect' has led to a historic downturn for precious metals. Spot gold recorded its largest one-day decline since 1983, falling over 9%, while silver plummeted by 27% before a slight recovery. Despite this sharp correction, gold prices remain approximately 70% higher than they were a year ago. The volatility has extended to other sectors as well: crude oil prices dipped nearly 5% as US-Iran tensions eased, and Bitcoin slid below $75,000 amid regulatory uncertainty and declining investor appetite for risky assets. Conversely, the FTSE 100 defied the downward trend in commodities to hit record highs. Economic analysts view the current slump in metals as a necessary market correction following the record-breaking rallies seen earlier in the year. Financial experts are now urging individual sellers and investors to exercise caution, advising them to seek multiple valuations and conduct thorough due diligence before liquidating assets. As global markets navigate these trade and policy shifts, the focus remains on how these high-level diplomatic agreements and leadership changes at the Federal Reserve will impact long-term inflation and economic stability.

SpaceX Acquires xAI: Elon Musk Unifies Ventures to Build $1.1 Trillion AI and Space 'Innovation Engine'
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SpaceX Acquires xAI: Elon Musk Unifies Ventures to Build $1.1 Trillion AI and Space 'Innovation Engine'

Elon Musk has officially consolidated his business empire by merging his artificial intelligence startup, xAI, into his aerospace giant, SpaceX. This strategic acquisition values xAI at approximately $125 billion, while SpaceX maintains a staggering $1 trillion valuation, reinforcing its position as the world’s highest-valued private firm. The merger is designed to create what Musk describes as an "innovation engine," integrating advanced AI capabilities with cutting-edge space technology, satellite communications, and media interests. This move represents a significant shift in Musk’s corporate strategy, aiming to unify his diverse ventures under a singular, powerful entity. The synergy between the two companies is expected to address some of the most pressing challenges in the tech industry, particularly the massive energy and cooling requirements of modern AI models. Musk has articulated a vision where space-based infrastructure provides the necessary solutions for large-scale AI operations, including the deployment of specialized AI satellites and space-based data centers. By leveraging SpaceX's rocket capabilities and the Starlink network, the newly unified entity aims to scale AI operations globally and eventually support long-term ambitions for human development on the Moon and Mars. Financially, the acquisition is widely viewed by analysts as a precursor to a potential initial public offering (IPO) for SpaceX. By bringing xAI and its Grok chatbot under the SpaceX umbrella, Musk is presenting a diversified and capital-efficient growth narrative to potential public investors. This consolidation follows a period of complex financial maneuvering, including a recent $2 billion investment in xAI by Tesla—a move that proceeded despite vocal objections from some Tesla shareholders regarding corporate governance. xAI, which was initially born out of the social media platform X (formerly Twitter) before becoming independent in 2025, has seen its valuation soar despite recent scrutiny regarding the image-generation capabilities of the Grok chatbot. As the integration progresses, the industry will be watching closely to see how the merger impacts the competitive landscape of both the aerospace and artificial intelligence sectors. The combination of xAI’s software prowess and SpaceX’s hardware dominance creates a unique powerhouse that could accelerate breakthroughs in autonomous space travel and planetary colonization. While technical and regulatory hurdles remain, particularly concerning the safety and ethics of AI, Musk’s latest maneuver underscores his commitment to building a vertically integrated technological future that extends far beyond Earth’s atmosphere.